“If you were plowing a field, which would you rather use: two strong oxen or 1024 chickens?” — Seymour Cray A stream cipher generates a long stream of random-looking numbers (called a keystrea...

A zero-knowledge range proof allows one party to convince another party that a secret value (or a batch of vaues) lies within a given range — such as being non-negative or below a certain bound — w...

“The raison d’être of KZG commitments is the remarkable efficiency of evaluation-proof verification.” — Justin Thaler [Tha22, p. 233] The KZG1 protocol was the first construction of a polynomi...

“My mathematics work is proceeding beyond my wildest hopes, and I am even a bit worried — if it’s only in prison that I work so well, will I have to arrange to spend two or three months locked up e...

“The Weil pairing, first introduced by André Weil in 1940, plays an important role in the theoretical study of the arithmetic of elliptic curves and Abelian varieties. It has also recently become e...